apoptosis    Biochemical programmed cell death.

Brandt and Daroff exercises. Exercises prescribed for BPPV to decrease the vertigo. They involve turning ones head whilst moving.

BPPV     Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. A disorder of the inner ear causing a feeling of spinning or dizziness. Very common in the elderly and can cause falling.

comorbidities   The presence of more than one additional disease or disorder. This is      common in the elderly who may have heart disease and diabetes for example.

CSA     Cross-sectional area. often as a measure of muscle fibre.

red flags   Every clinician should know their appropriate red flags. It protects the patient and the clinician. Red flags are signs of serious pathology. Examples of red flags that may prohibit exercise could be unremitting night pain, tumour, sudden weight loss etc.

vestibular   The vestibular system includes part of the inner ear and brain that processes sensory information controlling balance.

Osgood-Schlatters    It is inflammation where the patellar tendon attaches onto the tibial tuberosity. It is a painful enlarging bump and is often seen in adolescents. It can last from months to a couple of years, then it just disappears.

pyjama paralysis   The belief that getting people up and dressed has a positive direct effect on their  health and wellbeing rather than languishing in nightwear and staying in bed.

bed blocking     The event of a well person being unable to leave hospital due to a lack of social care. Recently an unnamed patient spent 1,338 days in a hospital bed in Wales due to having no support to go home to.